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Which clade does not include humans?


A) synapsids
B) lobe-fins
C) lophotrochozoans
D) tetrapods
E) osteichthyans

F) A) and E)
G) C) and D)

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Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?


A) lampreys
B) chondrichthyans
C) ray-finned fishes
D) lungfishes
E) placoderms

F) B) and D)
G) B) and E)

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Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates?


A) ray-finned fishes
B) birds
C) amphibians
D) nonbird reptiles
E) mammals

F) A) and B)
G) B) and D)

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Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?


A) cells that have mitochondria
B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin
C) nervous conduction and muscular movement
D) heterotrophy
E) flagellated gametes

F) All of the above
G) A) and C)

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A sponge's structural materials (spicules, spongin) are manufactured by the


A) pore cells.
B) epidermal cells.
C) choanocytes.
D) amoebocytes.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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In the figure given below, the Deuterostomia clade is most closely related to which two main clades? In the figure given below, the Deuterostomia clade is most closely related to which two main clades?   A)  Ctenophora and Cnidaria B)  Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa C)  Cnidaria and Bilateria D)  Platyhelminthes and Rotifera E)  Echinodermata and Hemichordata


A) Ctenophora and Cnidaria
B) Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
C) Cnidaria and Bilateria
D) Platyhelminthes and Rotifera
E) Echinodermata and Hemichordata

F) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

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A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was


A) the appearance of jaws.
B) the appearance of bony vertebrae.
C) feet with digits.
D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton.
E) the amniotic egg.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and D)

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