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Exam 19: Genetic Analysis of Development

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Question 1

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Contrast the mechanisms of dosage compensation in humans with those found in insects like Drosophila.

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The mechanisms of dosage compensation found in humans and fruit flies represent two different solutions to the same problem.In both cases,X-linked genes are present in twice the copy number in XX females as in XY or XO males,potentially creating a dosage imbalance.In mammals like humans,this is solved through X-inactivation,while in insects like Drosophila it is solved through X-hyperactivation.Both act to restore X-expression parity between females and males.

Question 2

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The X-inactivation center gene is

A) SRY.
B) XIC.
C) Xce.
D) MATa.
E) Xist.

F) A) and B)
G) C) and E)

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Question 3

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The X-controlling element gene is

Which of the following cell types has the lowest developmental potential?

No human cells lose all of their DNA during differentiation.

In the snail Limnaea peregra, shell coiling is determined by the nuclear alleles S (dextral) and s (sinistral) . This gene is a maternal effect gene that influences egg formation, which in turn influences whether the snail that hatches from the egg has a shell that coils to the right (dextral) or left (sinistral) . A female sinistral snail is mated with a sinistral male snail. The genotypes of both are unknown. All the F1 progeny are dextral. When the members of the F1 generation are crossed, they yield an F2 generation that is ³/₄ dextral and ¹/₄ sinistral. -What was the genotype of the mother of the female snail?

A maternal effect mutation bicoid (bcd)is recessive.The bcd allele makes no Bicoid protein.In the absence of the Bicoid protein,product embryogenesis is not completed and eggs fail to hatch into viable larva.Consider a cross between a female who is heterozygous (bcd^+/bcd)and a homozygous mutant male (bcd/bcd). a.How is it possible for a male homozygous for the mutation to exist? b.Predict the outcome (normal and/or failed embryogenesis)in the F₁ and F₂ generations resulting from this cross.

Antennapedia and bithorax belong to the class of mutants referred to as atavistic mutants.

In what ways does the cloned cat Cc demonstrate the limitations of cloning technology in obtaining desired phenotypes?

________ cells may differentiate into any cell or tissue type.

As of 2008,human cloning was banned in the United States.What are the arguments for maintaining such a ban?

Why are the changes associated with development irreversible?

Recount the evidence that Dolly the sheep was indeed the product of cloning,or cell fusion.

Can you think of a specific example in which multiple genome datasets would be useful in the study of morphogenesis?

Which of the following is not true of X-inactivation?

Is there a relationship between the problems encountered cloning mammals and the rarity of polyploidy in this group?

The use of embryonic stem cells in federally funded research in the United States is a hotly debated topic.What are the arguments for and against use of such stem cell lines in research and treatment of disease?

Mammalian sex determination is controlled by

Which of the following statements is true?

Determination occurs via induction.