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Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of


A) fiber.
B) lactose.
C) phytic acid.
D) oxalic acid.

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness.Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium.If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk?


A) Rickets
B) Arthritis
C) Low blood pressure
D) High blood pressure

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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What is the major intracellular anion?


A) Protein
B) Sodium
C) Phosphate
D) Bicarbonate

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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What is the function of renin?


A) Activates angiotensin
B) Activates antidiuretic hormone
C) Stimulates the thirst mechanism
D) Stimulates water absorption from the GI tract

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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All of the following are properties of electrolytes except


A) they attract water.
B) they are charged particles.
C) they carry electrical current.
D) they include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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What minimum percentage of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite?


A) 1-2
B) 3-4
C) 5-6
D) 7-8

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body?


A) Sodium
B) Chloride
C) Calcium
D) Potassium

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Which of the following green vegetables shows the lowest bioavailability of calcium?


A) Kale
B) Spinach
C) Broccoli
D) Mustard greens

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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To minimize the risk of calcium toxicity, total daily intakes should be held to a maximum of


A) 500 mg.
B) 1,000 mg.
C) 2,500 mg.
D) 5,000 mg.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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All of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration except


A) thirst.
B) fatigue.
C) weakness.
D) spastic muscles.

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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Sulfur is present in practically all


A) vitamins.
B) proteins.
C) fatty acids.
D) carbohydrates.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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All of the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except


A) a high-fiber diet.
B) lactose in the diet.
C) phytic acid in the diet.
D) phosphorus in the diet at a level 3 times that of calcium.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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Which of the following is a characteristic of calcium supplement use?


A) Taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium
B) Taking them with iron supplements enhances absorption of iron
C) Supplements of calcium carbonate show higher bioavailability than calcium citrate
D) Small pills containing a large amount of calcium salt show faster dissolution in the stomach

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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The normal blood pH range is approximately


A) 6.80-7.15.
B) 6.98-7.12.
C) 7.35-7.45.
D) 7.55-8.55.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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What is most likely to occur when a calcium supplement and an iron supplement are taken simultaneously?


A) Absorption of iron is reduced
B) Absorption of iron is improved
C) Excretion of iron in the urine is reduced
D) Excretion of iron in the urine is enhanced

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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What pituitary hormone regulates kidney retention of water?


A) Thyroxine
B) Cortisone
C) Epinephrine
D) Antidiuretic hormone

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Even in people with normal blood pressure, what percent are salt sensitive?


A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Why are salt tablets generally not recommended for people engaged in physical activity?


A) They can induce dehydration
B) They suppress the thirst mechanisms
C) They may lead to complete kidney failure
D) They reduce blood glucose concentration

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition?


A) Water intoxication is rare but can result in death
B) Water losses from the body are highest through the feces
C) Chronic high intakes increase the risk for bladder cancer
D) Soft water has significant concentrations of magnesium and calcium

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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How many mg of calcium are present in a 500-mg tablet of calcium carbonate?


A) 100
B) 200
C) 350
D) 500

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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